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Molnupiravir: the antiviral breakthrough that’s changing the game

By Sacred Leaves Global Medical News | July 2025

 

Molnupiravir is an innovative antiviral drug, originally developed to fight influenza but widely recognized for its use against COVID-19. It works at the level of the virus’s genetic code, disrupting its ability to replicate—making it especially effective against fast-spreading RNA viruses.

Developed by Merck in partnership with Ridgeback Biotherapeutics, the drug has been used in many countries since 2021 during the pandemic.

 

 

How Does Molnupiravir Work?

Molnupiravir's unique mechanism allows it to insert itself into the virus’s RNA. Once taken orally, the drug converts into its active form (NHC), which is incorporated into the virus's genetic code, causing “copying errors.” This leads to a chain of faulty viral replications, rendering the virus unable to reproduce.

This mechanism is known as “lethal mutagenesis”—it doesn’t directly kill the virus but creates dysfunctional copies that prevent the infection from spreading.

 

 

 

What Is It Made Of?

Molnupiravir is a synthetic nucleoside analog, mimicking the building blocks of RNA.
The active ingredient is N4-hydroxycytidine (NHC).

Each capsule typically contains 200 mg of the active substance, along with excipients like cellulose and magnesium stearate, making it suitable for oral use.

 

 

 

Where Is It Used?

  • COVID‑19: Prescribed for mild to moderate cases to prevent severe complications.

  • Future Potential: Studies are underway for use against influenza, other coronaviruses, and hemorrhagic fever viruses.

 

 

 

Research and Results

1. MOVe-OUT Trial (Merck, 2021)

One of the largest clinical trials involving over 1,400 patients.
Result: Molnupiravir reduced the risk of hospitalization and death by 30% in unvaccinated high-risk patients.

Source (NEJM): https://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa2116044

 

2. UK PANORAMIC Trial (2023)

Showed that molnupiravir reduced recovery time and viral load in people over 50.
However, in real-world usage, its ability to prevent hospitalizations was lower due to broader patient criteria.

Source (Oxford University): https://www.research.ox.ac.uk/article/2023-01-10-latest-results-from-the-panoramic-trial

 

3. Mechanism on a Cellular Level

Cell culture studies showed that the drug introduces mutations in the SARS-CoV-2 genome without affecting human DNA, due to its selectivity for RNA viruses.

Source (Journal of Infectious Diseases): https://academic.oup.com/jid/article/224/4/620/6285383

 

 

Safety and Side Effects

  • Generally well-tolerated.

  • Possible mild side effects: nausea, headache, diarrhea.

  • Not recommended during pregnancy—as of 2024, there are concerns about potential effects on embryonic development.

Typical dosage: 800 mg twice daily for 5 days, making it convenient for outpatient treatment.

 

 

What Do Experts Say?

Professor Peter Horby (Oxford):

"Molnupiravir is a valuable addition to the COVID‑19 treatment arsenal. It’s especially useful in early stages of infection."

The World Health Organization (WHO) has included molnupiravir in its COVID‑19 treatment recommendations when more effective options are unavailable.

 

 

Conclusion

Molnupiravir is not just a medication—it represents a new approach to antiviral treatment. Its ability to block viral replication at the RNA level makes it a versatile candidate for future outbreaks. When used early, especially in high-risk patients, it can significantly reduce hospital burden and improve outcomes.